
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity            & 1.044$^{***}$ & 1.143$^{***}$ & 1.127$^{***}$ & 0.041$^{***}$ & 0.054$^{***}$ & 0.046$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.207)       & (0.212)       & (0.233)       & (0.014)       & (0.012)       & (0.013)\\   
   Population                   & 7.630$^{*}$   & 3.197         & 2.889         & 0.932$^{**}$  & 0.304         & 0.568\\   
                                & (4.434)       & (5.958)       & (7.967)       & (0.347)       & (0.342)       & (0.449)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.695$^{***}$ & 0.884$^{***}$ & 0.853$^{***}$ & 0.029$^{**}$  & 0.046$^{***}$ & 0.036$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.176)       & (0.188)       & (0.197)       & (0.012)       & (0.012)       & (0.011)\\   
   Predicted population         & 0.279         & -3.201        & -2.994        & 0.190         & -0.147        & -0.040\\   
                                & (2.186)       & (2.580)       & (2.831)       & (0.155)       & (0.158)       & (0.169)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.170$^{***}$ & 1.369$^{***}$ & 1.312$^{***}$ & 0.051$^{***}$ & 0.071$^{***}$ & 0.054$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.260)       & (0.297)       & (0.344)       & (0.017)       & (0.019)       & (0.019)\\   
   Population                            & 6.159         & -1.808        & -0.081        & 0.868$^{**}$  & -0.013        & 0.427\\   
                                         & (6.060)       & (9.297)       & (12.278)      & (0.419)       & (0.511)       & (0.631)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 186; 10       & 164; 6        & 108; 4        & 186; 10       & 164; 6        & 108; 4\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.609$^{***}$     & 0.646$^{***}$     & 0.650$^{***}$     & -0.003        & 0.000         & 0.002         \\
                                & (0.049)           & (0.053)           & (0.058)           & (0.005)       & (0.005)       & (0.005)       \\
   Predicted population         & -1.323$^{***}$    & -2.022$^{***}$    & -2.270$^{***}$    & 0.296$^{***}$ & 0.239$^{**}$  & 0.193$^{*}$   \\
                                & (0.400)           & (0.652)           & (0.820)           & (0.102)       & (0.112)       & (0.113)       \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 14,590,920    & 12,536,792    & 9,720,304     & 14,590,920    & 12,536,792    & 9,720,304\\  
Dropping top \% of counties & 5\% & 10\% & 20\% & 5\% & 10\% & 20\% \\
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


